Waterless concrete made from moon dust to build future lunar

London, October 18 ANI: Scientists have suggested the use of waterless concrete for building future lunar bases, which would be composed entirely of moon dust, a process that would prove to be cost-effective.NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter will next year scout out a good landing site ahead of the 2020 mission that will put US astronauts back on the moon.A four-strong team will spend seven days on the lunar surface, but NASA hopes to eventually have long-term moon bases.However, building permanent structures on the moon would be astronomically expensive, according to Houssam Toutanji, a civil engineer at the University of Alabama in Huntsville, US."It costs a tremendous amount of money to take even 1 kilogram of material to the moon," he said. "Depending on who you talk to, the cost could be 50,000 to 100,000 dolars," he added.According to a report in New Scientist, Toutanji suggests that those costs could be sidestepped by making concrete from moon dust, and moon dust alone.Here on Earth, concrete is made from a pebbly aggregate bound together by water and cement. Lunar concrete could be made using plentiful moon dust as the aggregate, and binding it together using sulphur purified from lunar soil."You want the sulphur to be in a liquid or semi-liquid form to work as a binding agent," said Toutanji, which requires heating it to between 130 and 140 degree Celsius.Once cooled, concrete made in that way quickly hardens like a rock. "Within an hour you get an ultimate-strength concrete," Toutanji said. "With normal concrete you have to wait seven days, in extreme cases even 28 days to get maximum strength," he added.To test the properties of lunar concrete, Toutanji and Richard Grugel, a geological engineer at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, also in Huntsville, used a simulated lunar soil.They added 35 grams of purified sulphur to every 100 grams of dust and cast the mix into a number of small cubes about 5cm on a side. Those were exposed to 50 cycles of severe temperature changes, each time frozen down to -27 degree Celsius and then warmed back to room temperature.Even after that treatment, the concrete could withstand compressive pressures of 17 megapascals roughly 170 times atmospheric pressure. If the material is reinforced with silica, which can also be derived from moon dust, this can be raised to around 20 megapascals. ANI